Theories+of+Motivation

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
 ** Motivation ** is the force that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes us to take action, whether to grab a snack to reduce hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional or cognitive in nature. Researchers have developed a number of different theories to explain motivation.

Instinct Theory of Motivation
According to instinct theories, people are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so. An example of this in the animal world is seasonal migration. These animals do not learn to do this, it is instead an inborn pattern of behavior.  William James created a list of human instincts that included such things as attachment, play, shame, anger, fear, shyness, modesty and love. The main problem with this theory is that it did not really explain behavior, it just describes it.

Incentive Theory of Motivation
The incentive theory suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards. For example, you might be motivated to go to work each day for the monetary reward of being paid. Behavioral learning concepts such as association and reinforcement play an important role in this theory of motivation.



Drive Theory of Motivation
According to the drive theory of motivation, people are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs. For example, you might be motivated to drink a glass of water in order to reduce the internal state of thirst. This theory is useful in explaining behaviors that have a strong biological component, such as hunger or thirst. The problem with the drive theory of motivation is that these behaviors are not always motivated purely by physiological needs. For example, people often eat even when they are not really hungry.



Arousal Theory of Motivation
The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people take certain actions to either decrease or increase levels of arousal. When arousal levels get too low, for example, a person might watch and exciting movie or go for a jog. When arousal levels get too high, on the other hand, a person would probably look for ways to relax such as meditating or reading a book. According to this theory, we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, although this level can vary based on the individual or the situation.

In education, the behaviourist theory states that motivation to learn is linked to rewards. In other words, positive reinforcement (eg. praise from instructor, good grades, scholarships) will increase the desire to learn. On the other hand, negative reinforcement (failure, negative comments from instructors will diminish the motivation to learn. This theory expounds on the connection between feedback and motivation. Instructors who use praise effectively are most likely to motivate their students. On the other hand, instructors who lavish false praise upon their students, will not motivate their students as their students will see through it Thus, praise has to be specific and needs to be in response to "praise worthy" behaviour - in other words the instructor needs to specifically describe the good work/action that a student has completed as opposed to saying "good work" or "great effort".
 * Behaviourist Theory of Motivation**

More about this theory can be found at: []

This is an extrinsic type of motivation: http://motivation-pid3250.wikispaces.com/Intrinsic+vs+Extrinsic

Humanistic Theory of Motivation
Humanistic theories of motivation are based on the idea that people also have strong cognitive reasons to perform various actions. This is famously illustrated in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which presents different motivations at different levels. First, people are motivated to fulfill basic biological needs for food and shelter, as well as those of safety, love and esteem. Once the lower level needs have been met, the primary motivator becomes the need for self-actualization, or the desire to fulfill one's individual potential.